المستوى 12
دورة اللغة الانجليزية
المستوى 12
Direct and Indirect Speech
سندرسه في الثلاث حالات : 1) Statements 2) Questions 3) Commands
وببساطة نقول ان التحويل من الdirect لل indirect يكون حسب الجدول الآتي :
Direct [Meena]
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Indirect
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1
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Present (simple, continuous)
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Past (simple, continuous)
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2
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Will (H.K.)
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Would
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3
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Past simple or present perfect
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Past perfect
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4
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Would + infinitive(المصدر)
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Would have + past participle
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5
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Fact (حقيقة أو واقع)
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Stays the same (تبقى كما هي)
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وبعض الكلمات يتم تغييرها أيضا من الdirect لل indirect كالآتي :
+ This – that / these – those / here – there / now – then ( at that time ) / come – go, came-went, go – go, went-went / ago – before / today – that day / tomorrow – the next day, the day after , the following day / yesterday – the day before, the previous day / may – might . [Meena]
وبالنسبة للكلمات الآتية تظل كما هي :
Must , might , could , would , should , ought
والأمثلة التالية توضح هذه القواعد (الأمثلة التالية مرتبة حسب ترتيب القواعد في الجدول السابق) :
1) Statements (said to -- / told -- that)
1) Mark said to me, "I am learning French" - direct
He told me that he was learning French - indirect (reported)
2) He said to Mary, "I will come tomorrow"
He told Mary that he would go the next day .
3) He said to me, "I finished my work"
He told me that he had finished his work .
4) He said, "If I had the money , I would buy a house" .
He said that if he had had the money he would have bought a house .
5) When what is said is a fact, it remains the same.
He said, "The triangle has 3 sides" (H.K.)
He said that the triangle has 3 sides .
2) Questions (said to -- / asked – if, asked --, wanted to know )
--- Roushdy said, "What time do the banks close?"
He wanted to know what time the banks closed.
--- John said to me, "Are you playing now?"
He asked me if I was (were) playing at that time.
--- The policeman said to us, "Where are you going?"
He asked us where we were going
--- "Did you speak French?" He said to me.
He asked me if I had spoken French.
3) Commands (said to -- / ordered -- to , requested --to , asked -- to)
--- He said to me, "Go away"
He ordered me to go away [Meena]
--- He said to him, "Play the piano, please"
He requested him to play the piano.
--- He said to them, "Don’t shut the door"
He asked them not to shut the door.
All the previous examples are when what was said , was in the past (said to), but if the act is in the present (say) or in the future (will say) , the sentence does not change .
Ex: 1) He says , "This work is too difficult"
He says that this work is too difficult. (H.K.)
2) He will say, "This work is too difficult"
He will say that this work is too difficult.
H.W. rewrite the following sentences in the indirect form: [Meena]
1) They said "We are students" / They __________________________
2) He said "I'll be playing football tomorrow" _____________________
_______________________________________________________
3) She said "I've just finished" _________________________________
4) we say "she is beautiful" ___________________________________
5) you will say "He is smart" __________________________________
6) They said to me "Are you the English teacher?" __________________
________________________________________________________
7) I said to him "Go away" ____________________________________
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N.B .:
1) It is always better to use the direct speech, than the indirect speech.
2) It's not always necessary to change the verb when we change the direct into the indirect speech (the reported speech) especially if we are reporting (saying) something and we feel that it is still true or still happening : (H.K.)
Ex: Ahmed said "I want to go to Egypt
Ahmed said (that) he wants (or wanted) to go to Egypt
Zaki said "I woke up feeling ill and so I stayed in bed"
Zaki said (that) he woke (or had woken) up feeling ill and so he stayed (or had stayed) in bed.
كلمات متشابهة وتوضيح الفروق بينها في جمل :
H.W. (ضروري محاولة وضع كل منهم في جملة أخرى)
Above / over : who live in the flat above you? / the lamp is over the desk
Near / beside / next to : our house is near the sea / we sit beside each others / our house is next to the bank. [Meena]
Below / under (underneath) : the temperature is below freezing point / put it under the table (H.K.) [Meena]
In front of / opposite / before : behave in a better way before the children / our house is opposite the bank / put matters before God in prayers
Too / enough (too comes before the adjective but enough comes after it) :
Magdy is too young to go to school
Magdy can't go to school this year because he is not old enough.
May / might : might is the past of may , and sometimes it is used when there is less possibility , and also for politeness .
Ex : Where is your brother today? he may be at work.
What is he doing now? He might be watching TV.
Should (ought to) / must : [Meena]
You should (ought to) do it المفروض (يستحسن) تعملها
You must do it لازم تعملها
Deed / work / job / occupation /
career (مهنة الحياة العملية للانسان) /profession (مهنة الانسان التي درسهاأو تدرب عليها):
Ex : repent of your evil deeds / he wants to finish his work now / he wants to get a good fulltime job / what is your occupation? I'm a doctor / he started his career 3 years ago / teaching is a profession.
Leave / stop / forsake (leave forever) / quit (stop and leave) :
Ex : she left her book on the desk / you must stop this loud noise / they all forsook him after he had become poor / he quit smoking
Speak / talk :
Ex : do you speak English / speak good things / it is I who speak /
I'll not talk much with you because I have something to do / this is he whom you need to talk to .
Like / as : (like is followed by a noun or a pronoun / as is followed by subject + verb)
Ex : It is like the other one / like me (you, him, her, it, us, them) / like this (that, these, those) / likesomeone (or something)
Write it as it is / just as I told you / stay as you are / as usual / as you know.
NB. Sometimes we also put a noun after as : 1) when we talk about someone's job, or 2) how we use something
Ex : 1) He worked as a bus driver. 2) This hotel was used as a hospital.
"A few" , "many" and "a lot of" are used with countable plural nouns ,
ex: she bought a few pens
"A little" , "much" and "a lot of" are used with uncountable nouns
ex : please , I need a little rest.
Things to know
in case علشان لو / in case of في حالة
After "in case" comes "subject + verb" , but after "in case of" comes "noun"
--- He wears two watches in case one of them stops.
We bought more food in case they came.
We rang the bell again in case they hadn't heard the first time.
--- In case of emergency , telephone this number.
الفرق بين while وبين during
After while comes "subject + verb" , but after during comes "noun"
Ex: He ate while he was watching TV.
He ate during the film [Meena]
استخدامات بعض الكلمات :
استخدامات كلمة "need"
I need to rest. / I needed to rest / the house needs cleaning
I don't need to rest / I didn't need to rest / the house doesn't need cleaning [Meena]
I needn't rest / I needn't have rested (it wasn't necessary but I rested) / the house needn't cleaning.
استخدامات كلمة "mind" :
Keep (bear, have) in mind to do it tomorrow
Keep (set) your mind on your work.
Turn (put) your mind to it.
She took her mind off her sorrow
Have you made up your mind yet? No, I'm still in two minds about it
He is out of his mind (he's mad)
I'm sorry , I broke the bottle . Never (don't) mind, we'll get another one.
Conversations:
At the airport : I'd like to check in for flight number 758 that is going to London ten fifteen , and here is your boarding pass / thank you .
The customs : Which is your luggage ? / this is my luggage , two suitcases and a handbag / have you anything to declare ? / yes I have a mobile phone and some presents .
Ordering goods from a supermarket : Yes, please , I'd like some goods to be sent to my home / sure sir , can I take your home address / yea, I live in 33 Rameses St. , second floor appartment # 4 / good , and what would you like? / I need a bottle of milk , three kilos of rice , one coffee creamer medium size and a bag of sugar .
Tourism : Where are you from ? / I'm from Cairo , Egypt Egypt
At the railway station : Can I help you? / yes please, I'd like a ticket to Aswan 7:00 am . (in the morning) / first or second class? / first class / ok. here you are / thank you / you're very welcome. (H.K.)
At the doctor's clinic : Doctor , my eyes hurt me much / how long have you had this? / for about a week now / don't worry , let me see / they get red especially when I use the computer / I'll give you eye drops , you should use it two times a day and everything will be ok. / Thank you.
Comprehension : How to spend leisure time :
Leisure time can be useful or harmful. Among the useful things that suits leisure time , to those who can read and like reading , is to read. It is important to choose such a reading that is useful for building your personality intellectually, spiritually and socially … .
Another method is listening, listen to your father and mother, to friends, to cassette tapes and to the T.V., but in all this you should choose useful things for you.
No objection at all to getting some entertainment , amusement, rest or relaxation, for all these things are also useful and no one can continuously concentrate, be serious, or be in tension all the time.
To summarize the whole matter , everything can be useful to me if I do it the right way, in the right place and in the best time.
Is there a problem of getting some rest? ___________________________
What is useful for us? _________________________________________
Is reading useful to everyone? ___________________________________
About: How can we, easily, learn and be excellent at English
1) Write a dialogue between you and one or more of your friends (at least 7 lines). 2) Write anessay (at least 10 lines).
Speaking English : [Meena] Now , after you have studied this book by heart and have memorized everything in it , can you speak , read and write English good? / yes, sure , not only good but very good , now I'm excellent and brilliant at English / could you make up your own conversations as you need in your daily life? / of course / will you help others learning English? / sure, I will / will you do this honestly / Yes, I promise to do it honestly , so that God may also help me when I'm in need / very good , you are a good person , may God be with you / and also with you sir / thank you / thank you sir very much
المستوى 11
دورة اللغة الانجليزية
المستوى 11
Conditional If لو (الشرطية)
ببساطة جدا نقول :
1) انه لو جزء الجملة بعد if كان في الpresent يكون النصف الثاني ب will ، ويكون المقصود كلام عن المستقبل (وليس الحاضر) ، مثل
If he prays , you will succeed.
2) ولو نصف الجملة بعد if كان في الpast يكون النصف الآخر ب would ، ويكون المقصود كلام عن الحاضر (وليس الماضي) ، مثل
If he prayed , you would succeed.
3) ولو نصف الجملة بعد if في ال past perf. (or / past perf. cont.) يكون النصف الآخر ب would have + past participle ، ويكون الزمن المقصود هو الماضي ، مثل
If he had prayed , you would have succeeded.
If he had been praying , you would have succeeded.
H.W. Complete the sentences: [Meena]
If she eats, they __________________________________________
If we bought the house, he __________________________________
If you had done it, he ______________________________________
If he had been working, she __________________________________
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--- هذه هي القواعد الثلاثة الرئيسية ، أما خلاف ذلك فيمكن التكلم بحسب سياق الكلام وبحسب مايفهم السامع ، أو ممكن القول ان خلاف ذلك يسمى open condition أو كلام مفتوح في حرية التكلم بحسب مايفهم السامع ، وفي الopen condition حقائق ثابتة ، وذلك مثل :
If you are right , I'm wrong
--- ومايلي أمثلة أخرى على القواعد الثلاثة الرئيسية :
If he goes to the club tomorrow , I'll meet him.
If I were you , I would pray every time. (H.K.)
If he had informed the police , he would not have been killed.
ونلاحظ أن في كل هذه الجمل ، أي دائما مع if يمكن أن نأتي بالجزء الأخير من الجملة أولا وتكون if في الجزء الأخير ، مثل
I'll meet him if he goes to the club tomorrow.
ونلاحظ اننا في الجملة الثانية استخدمنا were مع I ، فمع if يمكن أن نستخدم were مع كل الضمائر (pronouns) بدل التصريف العادي ل verb be ، ولكن ممكن أيضا نستخدم التصريف العادي ، فمثلا
يمكن أن نقول If he were at home , he would help her.
وأيضا يمكن أن نقول If he was at home , he would help her.
ولعمل أسئلة ب if تكون كالآتي :
--- 1) What will you do if you have a lot of money? I'll buy a car.
2) What would you do if you had a lot of money? I'd buy a car. (H.K.)
3) What would you have done if you had had a lot of money? I would have bought a car.
--- 1) If you have a lot of money , will you buy a car?
Yes, I will buy a car. No, I won't buy a car.
2) If you had a lot of money , would you buy a car?
Yes, I would. No, I wouldn't. [Meena]
3) If you had had a lot of money , would you have bought a car? Yes, I'd have bought a car. No, I wouldn't have bought a car.
--- وكما قلنا من قبل ، الزمن المقصود في نمرة (1) هو المستقبل وفي نمرة (2) هو الحاضر وفي نمرة (3) هو الماضي .
--- وأذكر الاختصارات التي تكلمنا عنها من قبل وهي :
1)I'll اختصار I shall . 2) I won't اختصار I will not . 3) I'd اختصار I would واختصار I had .
H.W. Answer the questions with Yes and No:
If he has good health, will he help her?
Yes, _________________________ No, _________________________
If they prayed a lot, would she give you some help?
Yes, _________________________ No, _________________________
If we had prayed, would they have succeeded? [Meena]
Yes, _________________________ No, _________________________
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وممكن استخدام unless بدل "if not" فيكون كل شئ كما هو ، نفس القواعد ونفس المعنى ، أمثلة :
If he doesn't work hard , they won't pay him.
Unless he works hard , they won't pay him.
If he didn't go out , we would visit him. (H.K.)
Unless he went out, we would visit him.
If I hadn't visited your brother , I wouldn't have seen you.
Unless I had visited your brother , I wouldn't have seen him.
--- وأحيانا unless تعني "except if" مثل: Sheriff can't hear unless you shout
--- ويمكن أيضا استخدام could , might مع if بدل من would :
We could go out if it stopped raining.
She could get a job more easily if she could type.
We might have won if we'd played better. (we'd = we had)
If the weather hadn't been so bad , we could have gone out.
--- واذا أضفنا only بعد if يظل كل شئ كما هو ، ولكن يكون المقصود هو التمني (تمني حدوث الشئ) ، وهذا سندرسه مع wish في الصفحة القادمة ، ولكن كمثال :
If only he was at home , he would help her.
Wishes [Meena] (and if only)
[1] If the wish is in the future, we use present simple tense after "wish" . Ex.: It will rain tomorrow, I wish it doesn't rain.
[2] If the wish is in the present simple (or present continuous), we use past tense after "wish" (H.K.)
Ex: 1) I am short , I wish (if only) I was tall (I wish I wasn't short)
2) I don't have a nice watch , if only I had this watch .
3) He always comes late , if only he would come early .
4) Omar and Aly are shouting, their father wishes they would stop arguing.
5) It is raining hard , I wish it would stop raining.
--- 6) If the wish is fulfilled , there would be a consequence .
ex: We live far away from the beach , I wish we lived near the beach all the time , then I could swim everyday .
[3] If the wish is in the past, we use past perfect tense after "wish"
Ex: 1) He ate too much , he wishes he hadn't eaten too much .
2) She came late , I wish she would've come early . [Meena]
--- 3) If the wish was fulfilled , there would have been a consequence.
Ex: I didn't know that Mary was ill , I wish I'd (I had) known that she was ill , then I'd (I would) have gone to see her. (H.K.)
--- [4] love to / like to (would --) (بمعنى التمني وليس بمعنى محبة)
1) I'd love to get a car . 2) I'd like to apply to work as .. .. .
3) She would like to buy a house .
--- هام : لاحظنا من كل ماسبق ، ان ال tenses مع ال conditional if ، شبيهة بwish أو if only ، اي عندما يكون الفعل بعد if أو wish أو if only : 1) في الحاضر يكون الزمن الذي يقصده المتكلم في المستقبل. 2) وعندما يكون الفعل في الماضي يكون الزمن الذي يقصده المتكلم هو الحاضر. 3) وعندما يكون الفعل بعدهم في ال past perfect يكون الزمن الذي يقصده المتكلم هو الماضي ، وهذه أمثلة أخرى للتوضيح :
I didn't know that you were ill. If I'd known that you were ill, I'd have gone to see you.
I didn't know that you were ill. I wish (if only) I'd known that you were ill, then I'd have gone to see you.
ولتجميع كله في أمثلة واحدة متشابهة :
1) If he goes to the club tomorrow, I'll meet him.
Unless he goes to the club tomorrow, I'll not meet him.
I wish (if only) he goes to the club tomorrow, then I'll meet him.
2) If I were you, I would pray every time. (H.K.)
Unless I were you, I would not pray every time.
I wish (if only) I were you, then I would pray every time.
3) If he had informed the police, he would not have been killed.
Unless he had informed the police, he would have been killed.
I wish (if only) he had told the police, then he would not have been killed.
H.W. complete the following
If they went home, she would see them
Unless ___________________________________________________
I wish (if only) _____________________________________________
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--- ملحوظة : يجب التمييز بين if only التي تعني wish ، وبين only if التي تعني
as long as , or , provided that , or , providing that ، مثال :
You may use my car as long as (but only if) you drive carefully.
خطاباتLetters [Meena]
وسنكتب جواب تقديم على عمل ، وهو بالطبع يكون مرفق لل "السيرة الذاتية" أي ال "resume" (أو ال "C. V.") ، وقد تختلف الصيغة قليلا ولكن الأكثر استخداما هو :
Dear sir or Madam,
I would like to apply for (to work for) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
Sincerely yours
Magdy Youssef
--- ممكن نبدأ ب Dear Sir (Dear Madam), (H.K.)
--- وممكن نختم بدلsincerely yours بأي واحدة مما يأتي :
Yours sincerely / yours respectfully / respectfully yours.
--- وممكن أن نضع على الشمال فوق Dear sir ، عنوان المستلم (المرسل إليه) والتاريخ ، وممكن أيضا نضع التاريخ على اليمين أعلى من Dear sir .
--- وممكن أن نضع sincerely yours أو بدائلها، على اليسار، ونضع تحتهم الوظيفة أو الرتبة الحالية Job title .
--- وممكن في أول سطر تحت Dear sir نكمل بكتابة الوظيفة المطلوبة ورقم اعلانها.
نلخص كل ما فات بانه من الممكن أن يكون الجواب كالآتي:
……………….
Dear Sir or Madam,
I would like to apply to work for (جهة العمل) , as a "Construction Engineer", Job announcement # 1234. … …. ………
……… ………………………... …… ………… ………… …………… .
Respectfully yours
Magdy Youssef
Project manager
السيرة الذاتية
Resume (C.V.) [Meena]
لاحظ انه يمكن كتابة "C. V." في العنوان بدل resume .
وعادة تكون السيرة الذاتية كالآتي :
Name :
Telephone # :
E-mail address :
Mailing address :
Objective :
Education :
Experience : (start with the most recent job or the current job , and write the date , for instance :) (H.K.)
From: November 2001- To: Now (or may 2003)
(then describe your job)
…………. ……. …………. …..
………….. ………....
From: June 2000 – To: November 2001 [Meena]
……….. …………. ……..
……. ………. … ……………
Interests and skills :
H.W. There is a job vacancy for an accountant , and you want to apply , write your C.V. and the attached letter.
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Street directions : Excuse me , how can I get to ABC club? / go straight ahead , make left at this coming square , then turn right on the second street , it'll be on your left hand side .
Eating : I'll have big breakfast this morning / what will you have for breakfast ? / bread and butter and fried eggs with sausages / tea or coffee ? / tea with milk please . (H.K.)
Everyday life : Have the children left for school , honey ? / yes , they have , darling . I'm going to make the beds and clean the living room . / and I'll help some before going to work / oh yes , you must hurry , the traffic is very heavy today .
-- How about going out for a walk after dinner ? / that is fine and tomorrow we'll go to see some friends .
-- It's bedtime / not yet dad / ok. , come , take off your clothes and put on your pajamas .
-- Where is he ? / At the bank / where is the bank ? / on 33 Ramses st.
-- That is a nice watch, where is it from, Japan Italy
-- Good morning mother / good morning son / where are my sandwiches ? / come and have breakfast at the table , it is better for your health .
-- Are you going downtown tomorrow ? / Yes, I am / may you get a train ticket for I'll be working many hours all this week. / ok.
-- Now that the school year has come to an end, how will you spend the summer vacation? / I'll go to U.S.A / who are you going to visit there? / my family.
-- Do you want me to bring you anything for lunch? / No, thanks I had eaten a sandwich before I left home.
-- Have you ever been to London U.S.
-- Are Ahmed and George doing their homeworks? / no, they aren't / what are they doing? / they are playing on the computer / since when? / they have been doing this since six o'clock (for 3 hours now).
Comprehension: The concept of love
The best thing in the world is to love God and love everyone through or within our love for God.
It is great to love our parents, life partener, children, friends, and everyone, and even our enemies. We should love them as we said , through and within our love to God. Therefore, love should be wise and spiritual, for there are kinds of false love that may cause harm and may destroy a lot of things. True love wants always to give as to receive.
What may false love cause? _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________
What is the greatest thing? ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________
About the following topic: Virtues and vices with other concepts.
1) Write a dialogue between you and one or more of your friends (at least 5 lines).
2) Write an essay (at least 7 lines).
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