المستوى 10
Active and passive المبني للمعلوم والمبني للمجهول
لاحظ ان الactive and passive ليسوا tenses ولكنهم اسلوب كلام وفيهم tenses ، أي ان الكلام يكون الفاعل معلوما من هو ، او ان يكون الفاعل مجهولا .
أحسن وأسهل طريقة لفهم واتقان الactive and passive voices هي أن نعمل جدول من جدول الtenses الموجود في صفحة 47 مع تغيير شوية في ال pronouns ومع تكميل جزء في الجملة . ونحتاج أن نتذكر أيضا الجدول الخاص بال personal pronouns وخاصة الجزء الأول فيه حيث نجد مثلا أن "I" تتحول ل me ، و"he" تتحول ل him وهكذا .
I [Meena]
|
Me
|
You
|
You
|
He
|
Him
|
She
|
Her
|
It
|
It
|
We
|
Us
|
You
|
You
|
they
|
Them
|
Tenses
|
Active
|
Passive [Meena]
| |
Sim.
|
Pr
|
He eats apples
|
Apples are eaten by him
|
Pa
|
I ate an apple
|
An apple was eaten by me
| |
Fu
|
They will eat apples
|
Apples will be eaten by them
| |
Con.
|
Pr
|
He is eating apples
|
Apples are being eaten by him
|
Pa
|
I was eating an apple (H.K.)
|
An apple was being eaten by me
| |
Fu
|
They will be eating apples
|
Apples will be being eaten by them
| |
Per.
|
Pr
|
He has eaten apples
|
Apples have been eaten by him
|
Pa
|
I had eaten an apple
|
An apple had been eaten by me (H.K.)
| |
Fu
|
They will have eaten apples
|
Apples will have been eaten by them
| |
p.c.
|
Pr
|
He has been eating apples
|
Apples have been being eaten by him
|
Pa
|
I had been eating an apple
|
An apple had been being eaten by me
| |
fu
|
They will have been eating apples
|
Apples will have been being eaten by them
| |
لاحظ الآتي : 1) An apple مفرد فنتعامل معها كأنها it (أي تأخذ was في ال past )، في حين apples جمع فنتعامل معها كانها they (أي تأخذ are و have في ال present وتأخذ will في future ).
2) تكوين الpassive voice يكون دائما فيه الpast participle (p.p.) بتاع ال verb فنجد أنه :
في الsimple يتكون الpassive من verb be + past participle (p.p.) .
وفي الcontinuous يتكون من verb be + being + p.p.
وفي الPerfect يتكون من verb have + been + p.p.
وفي ال perf. Cont. يتكون من verb have + been + being + p.p.
3) دايما he يكون بدلها by him و I نستبدلها ب by me وهكذا .
H.W.Complete the following table like the previous one using verb "drink"
Tenses
|
Active
|
Passive [Meena]
| |
Sim.
|
Pr
|
You drink milk
|
Milk is drunk by you
|
Pa
|
She drank milk (H.K.)
|
Milk was drunk by her
| |
Fu
|
We shall drink milk
| ||
Con.
|
Pr
|
You
| |
Pa
|
She
| ||
Fu
|
We
| ||
Per.
|
Pr
|
You
| |
Pa
| |||
Fu
| |||
p.c.
|
Pr
| ||
Pa
| |||
fu
| |||
--- والان لنأخذ جملة أطول فيها مفعولين two objects ، بنفس اسلوب الجدول السابق ، في كل الأزمنة ، وسنجد طريقتين لعمل ال passive
Active (H.K.)
|
Passive
|
She tells me stories
|
Stories are told to me by her
I am told stories by her
|
I told them a story
|
A story was told to them by me
They were told a story by me
|
They will tell us stories
|
Stories will be told to us by them
We shall be told stories by them
|
She is telling me stories
|
Stories are being told to me by her
I am being told stories by her (H.K.)
|
I was telling them a story
|
A story was being told to them by me
They were being told a story by me
|
They will be telling us stories
|
Stories will be being told to us by them
We shall be being told stories by them
|
She has told me stories [Meena]
|
Stories have been told to me by her
I have been told stories by her
|
I had told them a story (H.K.)
|
A story had been told to them by me
They had been told a story by me
|
They will have told us stories
|
Stories will have been told to us by them
We shall have been told stories by them
|
She has been telling me stories
|
Stories have been being told to me by her
I have been being told stories by her (H.K.)
|
I had been telling them a story
|
A story had been being told to them by me
They had been being told a story by me
|
They will have been telling us stories
|
Stories will have been being told to us by them
We shall have been being told stories by them
|
ونلاحظ ان هذا الجدول هو نفسه الجدول السابق له ، ولكن فقط أضفنا فيه to me أو to them أو .. .
--- وكما أن الفعل tell يأخذ two objects ، يوجد أيضا أفعال أخرى مثله ، ومنهم give, ask, send, show, teach, pay
Ex: The men were paid 500$ by him to do the job. [Meena]
I was given two hours by him to make my decision.
--- كما نلاحظ اننا من الممكن في كل الأزمنة في الجملة الثانية في الpassive لا نكتب "by --" وهذا لان عدم كتابتها لن يغير شئ في الموضوع طالما انه مفهوم من هو الفاعل أو طالما انه لن يهمنا من هو الفاعل .
H.W.Complete the following table like the previous one using verb "teach"
Active [Meena]
|
Passive
|
He teaches you English
|
English is taught to you by him.
|
You are taught
| |
We taught them
| |
You will teach her
| |
He is teaching you
| |
We were teaching them
| |
You
| |
He has taught you
| |
--- وهذه بعض أمثلة أخرى.
The room looks nice, somebody has cleaned it
The room looks nice, it has been cleaned (by somebody)
The room looked nice, somebody had cleaned it
The room looked nice, it had been cleaned (by somebody)
والان لنأخذ بعض أمثلة من الجداول السابقة مع استخدام key words
--- Every Sunday she tells them some short stories =
Every Sunday some short stories are told to them by her
--- While he was writing the letter , they came =
They came while the letter was being written by him
--- By 6:00 o'clock , I'll have told them a story =
By 6:00 o'clock a story will have been told to them by me
--- He has been writing the report to his manager for an hour now =
The report to the manager has been being written by him for an hour now .
--- The new hotel will be opened next month (H.K.)
--- That house is going to be painted after a week
--- leave him , he wants to be left alone
--- أحيانا نستخدم الكلمات should, must, ought toمع الأزمنة وال active and passive:
--- Someone should have cleaned the house last Friday
The house should have been cleaned last Friday
--- Somebody must have stolen her car
Her car must have been stolen [Meena]
--- They ought to have cancelled the meeting
The meeting ought to have been cancelled
--- كلمة born دايما تأتي في الpassive ،
Where were you born? I was born in Cairo
How many babies are born in this hospital everyday?
--- استخدام ing في ال active and passive :
I don't like people telling me what to do
I don't like being told what to do
الفرق بين : It is said / He is said to
It is said that he is 90 years old / He is said to be 90 years old.
It is believed that Noha eats one meal a day / Noha is believed to eat one meal a day. (H.K.)
It is expected that the strike will begin tomorrow / The strike is expected to begin tomorrow.
It is reported that two people were killed / Two people are reported to have been killed.
عند عمل شئ :
Magdy repaired the roof yesterday (he did it himself)
Magdy had the roof repaired .. (he got someone else to do it)
وبنفس اسلوب الجملة الثانية ، يمكن ان نكتب الجمل التالية :
Have
|
Object
|
Past part.
| ||
We are
|
having
|
the house
|
painted
|
at the moment
|
Where did you
|
have
|
your hair (H.K.)
|
done?
| |
Roushdy has just
|
had
|
a telephone
|
installed
|
in his flat
|
I want to
|
have
|
my photograph
|
taken
|
Coversation : When will she fix her car ? / It can't be fixed by just one person / Will you help her? / she will be helped by her brother.
The following is a table of some verbs with their meanings , nouns and their adjectives :
Present
(infinitive)
|
المعنى
|
Nouns [Meena]
|
Adjectives
|
Act
|
يعمل، يمثل
|
Action, actor,
|
Acting, active
|
Affect
|
يؤثر
|
Effect
|
Effective
|
Amaze
|
يدهش
|
Amazement
|
Amazed / amazing
|
Apostate
|
يرتد عن العقيدة
|
Apostasy
|
Apostate
|
Bear
|
يحتمل
|
Bearing (H.K.)
|
Bearable
|
Beat
|
يضرب
|
Beat / beating
|
Beaten
|
Blacken
|
يسود
|
Black
|
Black
|
Bleed
|
ينزف
|
Bleeding
|
Bleeding
|
Blow
|
ينفخ
|
Blow / blowing
|
Blown
|
Bow
|
يحني، ينحني
|
Bow / bowing
|
Bowing
|
Break
|
يكسر
|
Break / breakage
|
Broken
|
Build
|
يبني
|
Builder / building
|
Built / built-up
|
Care
|
يعتنى
|
Care
|
Careful
|
Choose
|
يختار
|
Choice / choiceness
|
Choice / chosen
|
Come
|
يأتي
|
Coming
|
Coming [Meena]
|
Compete
|
ينافس
|
Competition
|
Competitive
|
Correct
|
يصحح
|
Correction, corrector
|
Correct
|
Differ
|
يختلف
|
Difference
|
Different (H.K.)
|
Do
|
يعمل
|
Doing
|
Done
|
Eat
|
يأكل
|
Eater
|
Eatable / uneatable
|
Encourage
|
يشجع
|
Encouragement / courage
|
Encouraging / courageous
|
Entertain
|
يسلي
|
Entertainment
|
Entertaining
|
Exchange
|
يبدل
|
Exchange
|
Exchangeable
|
Excite
|
يثير
|
Excitement
|
Excited / exciting
|
Fly (H.K.)
|
يطير
|
Fly / flying
|
Flying
|
Forgive
|
يسامح
|
Forgiver / forgiveness
|
Forgiving
|
Grow
|
ينمو
|
Growth / grower
|
Grown / grown-up
|
Infect
|
يعدي
|
Infection
|
Infectious
|
Inform
|
يبلغ
|
Information
|
Informative
|
Lose
|
يخسر
|
Loser / loss
|
Lost
|
Make
|
يصنع
|
Make / make-up / maker / making
|
Made / made-up
|
Marry
|
يتزوج
|
Marriage
|
Married
|
Organize
|
ينظم
|
Organization
|
Organized
|
Perfect
|
يجعله كاملا
|
Perfection / perfectionist
|
Perfect
|
Practice
|
يمارس، يتمرن
|
Practice
|
Practical
|
Pride
|
يفتخر
|
Pride
|
Proud
|
Read
|
يقرأ
|
Read / reader / reading
|
Readable / Unreadable
|
Redden
|
يحمر
|
Red
|
Red
|
Regulate
|
ينظم
|
Regulation / regularity
|
Regular
|
Rise
|
يقوم
|
Rise / rising
|
Risen
|
Save
|
ينقذ (H.K.)
|
Safety
|
Safe
|
Write
|
يكتب
|
Writer / writing
|
written
|
The following is a table of some verbs with their meanings , past, past participle, nouns and their adjectives :
Verb
|
المعنى
|
Past
|
Pastparticiple
|
Noun
|
Adjective
|
Accuse
|
يتهم (H.K.)
|
Accused
|
Accused
|
Accusation, accuser
|
Accusing
|
Adapt
|
يتكيف
|
Adapted
|
Adapted
|
Adaptation, adapter
|
Adaptable
|
Adopt
|
يتبنى
|
Adopted
|
Adopted
|
Adoption, adoptionism
|
Adaptive
|
Adultery (commit)
|
يزني، يفسق
|
Committedadultery
|
Committedadultery
|
Adultery, adulteration
Adulterer, adulteress
|
Adulterous
|
Advise
|
ينصح
|
Advised
|
Advised
|
Advice, adviser, advisor, advisability
|
Advisable, advisory
|
Advocate
|
يشفع، يحامي
|
---d
|
---d
|
advocate
|
[Meena]
|
Afflict
|
يصيب، يؤذي
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Affliction
|
Afflicted
|
Amaze
|
يدهش
|
---d
|
---d
|
Amazement
|
Amazing
|
Anoint
|
يمسح، يدهن
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Anointing, anointment
|
Anointed
|
Appoint
|
يعين، يرسم
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Appointment
| |
Bear
|
يحتمل/ تحبل
|
Bore
|
Borne
|
Bearing
|
Bearable
|
Beatify
|
يطوب
|
---ied
|
---ied
|
Beatification
|
Beatified
|
Beget
[Meena]
|
يولد (للذكور)، ينجب
|
Begot
|
Begotten
|
Begetting
|
(H.K.)
|
Believe
|
يؤمن
|
---d
|
---d
|
Believer, belief
|
believable
|
Bestow
|
يوهب، يمنح
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Bestowal
| |
Betray
|
يخون
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Betrayal, betrayer
| |
Betroth
|
يخطب
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Betrothal
| |
Bind
|
يربط
|
Bound
|
bound
| ||
Blame
|
يلوم، يؤنب
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Blame
|
Blameful, blameless, blameworthy
|
Blaspheme
|
يجدف
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Blasphemy, blasphemer
| |
Bless
|
يبارك
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Blessedness, blessing
|
Blessed, blessing
|
Bound
|
يحدد (يعطي حدود)
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Boundary, boundlessness
|
Boundless
|
Breathe
|
يتنفس، يتنسم
|
---d
|
---d
|
Breath, breather
|
Breathless
|
Cast
|
يلقي، يطرد
|
Cast
|
Cast
|
Cast, casting
|
Cast
|
Catechize
(H.K.)
|
يعلم بالسؤال والجواب
|
---d
|
---d
|
Catechism, catechist
| |
Celebrate
|
يحتفل
|
---d
|
---d
|
Celebration, celebrity
|
Celebrated
|
Chasten, chastise
|
يؤدب
|
---ed,
---d
|
---ed,
---d
|
Chastening, chastisement
|
Chaste
|
Chase
|
يطارد
|
---d
|
---d
|
Chase
| |
Circumcise
|
يختن
|
---d
|
---d
|
Circumcision
|
Circumcised
|
Comfort
|
يعزي، يريح
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Comfort, comforter
|
Comfortable
|
Command
|
يوصي، يأمر
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Command, Commandment, Commander, Commandant
|
Commanding
|
Confess
|
يعترف، يقر
|
---ed
[Meena]
|
---ed
|
Confessant, Confessor, Confession
|
Confessed
(H.K.)
|
Consecrate
|
يكرس، يخصص
|
---d
|
---d
|
Consecration
|
Consecrated
|
Contribute
|
مساهمة، عطاء
|
---d
|
---d
|
Contribution, contributor
|
Contributory
|
Corrupt
|
يفسد
|
---ed
|
---ed
[Meena]
|
Corruption, corrupter, corruptness
|
Corrupt
|
Create
|
يخلق
|
---d
|
---d
|
Creator, creation, creature
|
Creative
|
Do
|
يعمل
|
Did
|
Done
|
Doer
|
Done
|
Darken
|
يغمق، يظلم
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Darkness, dark
|
Dark
|
Deafen
|
يجعله أصم
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Deafness
|
Deaf
|
Die
|
يموت
|
---d
|
---d
|
Death
|
Dead
|
Deepen
|
يعمق
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Depth, deepness
|
Deep
|
Defile
|
ينجس
|
---d
|
---d
|
Defilement
|
Defiled
|
Deliver
(H.K.)
|
ينقذ / يسلم
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Deliverer, delivery, deliverance
|
Delivered
|
Descend
|
ينزل، يهبط
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Descendents, descent
| |
Divorce
|
يطلق
|
---d
|
---d
|
Divorce, divorcee
|
Divorced
|
Donate
|
يهب، يتبرع
|
---d
|
---d
|
Donator, donation
| |
Elect
|
يختار
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Elector, election
|
Elect, electoral
|
Enchant
|
يسحر، يشعوز
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Enchanter, enchantress, enchantment
|
Enchanting, enchanted
|
Fast
|
يصوم
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Fast, fasting
| |
Forgive
|
يغفر، يسامح
|
Forgave
|
Forgiven
|
Forgiveness
(H.K.)
|
Forgiven, forgiving
|
Free
|
يحرر
|
---d
|
---d
|
Freedom
|
Free
|
Guide
|
يرشد
|
---d
|
---d
|
Guide, guidance
| |
Leaven
|
يخمر
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Leaven
|
Leavened
|
Legalize
|
يقنن، يحعله شرعي
|
---d
|
---d
|
Legality, legalism, legalization
|
Legal
|
Live
|
يحيا، يعيش
|
---d
|
---d
|
life, living
|
Living, live, alive
|
Love
|
يحب
|
---d
|
---d
|
Love, lover
|
Loving, lovely
|
Meditate
|
يتأمل
|
---d
|
---d
|
Meditation
|
Meditative
|
Minister
|
يخدم
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Minister, ministry
|
Ministerial
|
Offend
|
يعثر، يضايق
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Offence, offense, offender
|
Offencless, offensive
|
Oppress
|
يظلم
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Oppression, oppressor
|
Oppressive
|
Praise
|
يسبح
|
---d
|
---d
|
Praise
|
Praiseworthy praising
|
Pray
|
يصلي
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Prayer
|
Prayerful
|
Proceed
|
ينبثق، يتقدم
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Procession, proceedings
|
Processional
|
Prophesy
|
يتنبأ
|
---ied
|
---ied
|
Prophecy, prophet, prophetess
|
Prophetic, prophetical
|
Reform
|
يصلح
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Reformist, reformation
|
Reformed
|
Represent
|
يمثل، ينوب
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Representation, representative
|
Representative
|
Reveal
|
يعلن
(H.K.)
|
---ed
|
---ed
|
Revelation
|
Revealing, revealed
|
Revive
|
ينهض
|
---d
|
---d
|
Revival
|
Revived
|
Revise
|
يراجع
|
---d
|
---d
|
Revision
|
Revised
|
Symbolize
(H.K.)
|
يرمز
|
---d
|
---d
|
Symbol, symbolism, symbolization
|
Symbolic, symbolical
|
Terrorize
|
يرهب، يفزع
|
---d
|
---d
|
Terror, terrorism, terrorist
|
Terrorist
|
Vote
|
ينتخب
|
---d
|
---d
|
Vote, voter, voting
|
Voting, votive
|
المستوى 10
4/
5
Oleh
Hanan
أتأمل منكم المشاركة والتعليق ومشاركته